Planck's 2013 universe inventory assigned 4.9% to ordinary matter, 26.8% to dark matter and 68.3% to dark energy, within the standard flat ΛCDM model.
Across one astronomical unit, light takes about 499 seconds. A hypothetical sound wave moving through 20°C air would need 13.82 years, though real space cannot carry it.
Titan is larger across than Mercury and runs a methane weather cycle, but its famous hydrocarbon inventory and walkable pressure both need careful qualifications.
A 2012 pre-existing-disk model required an earlier tilt to keep Uranus's moons prograde, while later impact-generated-disk models restore a viable one-collision path.
Joint MAVEN and Tianwen-1 observations identify Kelvin-Helmholtz wave packets as a bursty route by which oxygen-bearing ions escape the Martian atmosphere.
Inouye resolved the photosphere at about 19 kilometres and exposed Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices at magnetic boundaries, but their contribution to coronal heating remains to be measured.
Webb's 2023 H3+ spectrum measured Neptune's upper atmosphere at 358 plus or minus 8 kelvin, far below Voyager 2's 1989 estimate, but two snapshots cannot yet explain what drove the change.
A 2025 proposal gives methane rain a role in assembling cell-like membranes on Titan, but every step from surface film to stable vesicle remains untested.
A NASA-led model found shaded lunar south-pole niches where Earth microbes could remain viable for days. Aspergillus niger led on ultraviolet tolerance, but survival did not mean growth.
Roman's 288-megapixel camera will repeatedly watch 100 million bulge stars, with simulations forecasting around 100,000 transiting planets plus a distinct microlensing census.
ALMA and Webb found extreme deuterium enrichment in 3I/ATLAS water, preserving a chemical record of ice formed below roughly 30 kelvin in another planetary system.
Webb's ten long infrared exposures found S/2025 U1 between Ophelia and Bianca, extending a moon census begun by Voyager 2 while exposing how much remains unresolved around Uranus.
ASKAP J1745−5051 links a 1.34497-hour radio pulse to an accreting white dwarf binary, giving astronomers a reference case for long-period radio transients.
New Horizons saw Pluto’s layered organic haze scatter sunlight blue in a calibrated look-back view, even though the particles themselves were probably grey or red.
The far side's thicker crust impeded magma, but GRAIL and Chang'e-6 show that heat, chemistry and lithospheric cooling also shaped the Moon's unequal faces.
Voyager found Neptune emits 2.61 times the solar energy it absorbs, exposing an internal heat flow still far stronger than the revised estimate for Uranus.
