Space, science, and the human mind. Since 1995.
Human Element
A Space Daily column

Human Element

Psychology and behaviour

Human Element covers the psychology of discovery. How astronauts hold up under pressure, why people believe what they believe, and what research on the human mind can and cannot tell us.

Human Behaviour

The brain’s default mode network was discovered almost by accident in the 1990s — it was the activity researchers kept seeing when subjects were supposedly doing nothing, and it burns nearly as much energy as focused thought

Marcus Raichle noticed the same brain regions lighting up whenever his subjects were supposedly at rest. That accidental observation in the 1990s became the discovery of the default mode network — the system that runs your inner life and burns nearly as much fuel as focused thought.

Human Behaviour

A famous spotlight-effect experiment by Thomas Gilovich and colleagues found students thought twice as many people noticed an embarrassing T-shirt as actually did; the audience you rehearse for is often barely watching

Cornell psychologist Thomas Gilovich sent students into rooms wearing embarrassing Barry Manilow T-shirts and found the wearers predicted nearly half the room would remember — only about a quarter actually did. The spotlight effect, as he named it, is remarkably consistent: people believe others notice them at roughly twice the rate anyone actually does.

Psychology

In April 1967, a Palo Alto history teacher named Ron Jones invented a movement called The Third Wave to answer a student’s question — and by day four, 200 teenagers were saluting him in the halls and informing on classmates who refused

In April 1967, first-year Cubberley High School teacher Ron Jones tried to answer a student's question about how ordinary Germans went along with the Nazis by staging a one-day classroom simulation. Within four days, 200 Palo Alto teenagers were saluting him in the halls.

Human Behaviour

Abraham Maslow placed self-actualisation at the top of his 1943 hierarchy, but late in life he added a level above it — self-transcendence — arguing the healthiest people stop keeping score of themselves entirely

Abraham Maslow's famous 1943 pyramid ended at self-actualisation, but in the final years of his life he added a sixth tier — self-transcendence — and argued the psychologically healthiest people are the ones who have stopped auditing themselves entirely.

Psychology

In March 1966, Neil Armstrong completed the first docking in space, then a stuck thruster sent Gemini 8 spinning once every second — fast enough to blur the astronauts’ vision and threaten unconsciousness — forcing Armstrong to shut down the main control system and save both men with the re-entry thrusters three years before he flew to the Moon

Gemini 8 achieved the first docking in space in March 1966, then a stuck thruster spun the capsule up to a rotation a second. Armstrong shut down the main thrusters and used the re-entry system to save the crew, three years before Apollo 11.