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Scientists Discover Mars Atmosphere Altered By Solar Flares
Boston MA (SPX) Feb 23, 2006 Astronomers said Thursday they have uncovered the first clear evidence that solar flares can affect the upper atmosphere of Mars. A team at Boston University said their studies of X-ray bursts from the Sun in April 2001 that reached Mars show the phenomena caused dramatic enhancements to the planet's ionosphere - the region where the Sun's ultraviolet and X-rays are absorbed by atoms and molecules in the atmosphere. Reporting in the Feb. 24 issue of the journal Science, the team said the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft registered the flare's effects as it transmitted signals back to NASA's antenna sites on Earth. "On April 15th and 26th of 2001, radio signals from MGS showed that the Martian ionosphere was unusually dense, and this was the clue that some extra production of ions and electrons had occurred," said lead researcher Michael Mendillo, of B.U.'s Center for Space Physics. "At Earth, the GOES (geostationary weather) satellites measure the Sun's X-rays almost continuously," said co-research Paul Withers. "Our search of their large database discovered several cases of flares occurring just minutes before MGS detected enhancements in Mars' ionosphere." The extra electrons produced normally by the Sun's X-rays can cause subtle changes in MGS radio signals as they travel to Earth, so the team began to seek unambiguous case study events before announcing their findings. The Radio Science Experiment on MGS has made observations of Mars' ionosphere since its arrival there in late 1999. Its radio transmissions are received by NASA and then cast into scientifically meaningful data by David Hinson at Stanford University, who provides open access to researchers worldwide via a Web site. "We needed Hinson's expert advice to make sure that some odd changes in the MGS radio signal had not occurred just by chance," Withers added. To confirm that photons from solar flares produce sufficient magnetic fluxes to modify the Martian ionosphere, the team sought additional evidence using earthbound measurements. "During this period, the Sun, Earth and Mars were nearly in a straight line and thus the X-rays measured at Earth should have caused enhancements here as well as at Mars," Mendillo said. Using several ionospheric radars spread over the globe - operated by scientists at the University of Massachusetts at Lowell - team member Bodo Reinisch confirmed that the Sun's X-rays caused equally impressive modifications to Earth's ionosphere at the precise times required. "The science yield from this work will be in the new field of comparative atmospheres," Mendillo said. "By that I mean studies of the same process in nature - in this case making an ionosphere on two planets simultaneously - offer insights and constraints to models not always possible when studying that process on a single planet. The fifth member of our team, Henry Rishbeth of the University of Southampton in England, provides the expertise in theory and modeling that will be the focus of our follow-up studies." Related Links Boston University Mars Global Surveyor
Martian Gardens
Raleigh NC (SPX) Feb 23, 2006Plants and animals are fragile life forms. Dry them out, freeze them, expose them to high doses of radiation - they don't do so well. But not all organisms are so picky. Many archaeans, for example, are distinguished by their ability to adapt to a variety of extreme environments. It's in their genes. |
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