This image of California's Hayward fault is an interferogram created using a pair of images taken by Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) combined to measure changes in the surface that may have occurred between the time the two images were taken.

The images were collected by the European Space Agency's Remote Sensing satellites ERS-1 and ERS-2 in June 1992 and September 1997 over the central San Francisco Bay in California.

The radar image data are shown as a gray-scale image, with the interferometric measurements that show the changes rendered in color. Only the urbanized area could be mapped with these data. The color changes from orange tones to blue tones across the Hayward fault (marked by a thin red line) show about 2-3 centimeters (0.8-1.1 inches) of gradual displacement or movement of the southwest side of the fault. The block west of the fault moved horizontally toward the northwest during the 63 months between the acquisition of the two SAR images. This fault movement is called aseismic creep because the fault moved slowly without generating an earthquake.

Scientists are using the SAR interferometry along with other data collected on the ground to monitor this fault motion in an attempt to estimate the probability of earthquake on the Hayward fault, which last had a major earthquake of magnitude 7 in 1868. This analysis indicates that the northern part of the Hayward fault is creeping all the way from the surface to a depth of 12 kilometers (7.5 miles). This suggests that the potential for a large earthquake on the northern Hayward fault might be less than previously thought. The blue area to the west (lower left) of the fault near the center of the image seemed to move upward relative to the yellow and orange areas nearby by about 2 centimeters (0.8 inches). The cause of this apparent motion is not yet confirmed, but the rise of groundwater levels during the time between the images may have caused the reversal of a small portion of the subsidence that this area suffered in the past.

This research is the result of collaboration between the University of California's Berkeley and Davis campuses, the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif. and is reported in the August 18, 2000, issue of Science magazine. Full size image here

Hayward Fault Danger Downgraded
 Pasadena - August 17, 2000 - A geophysicist at the University of California, Berkeley, has assessed movement along the northern Hayward fault and found less chance of a major quake originating on that segment than previously thought. The study uses new techniques for monitoring earthquake fault activity, including technology developed by NASA.

With the help of radar interferometry and data from global positioning satellites (GPS), plus analysis of repeating microquakes 10 kilometers (6 miles) below the surface, Dr. Roland Bürgmann, assistant professor of geology and geophysics at UC Berkeley, and his colleagues concluded that the deep portions of the fault steadily slip at about the same rate as the surface. This means the rocks deep below the surface aren't locked and building up strain that could be released in a catastrophic quake.

"Our research shows no evidence of locking at any depth, which means the threat from one of our worst hazards, right in our backyard, is much reduced," said Bürgmann. "However, other hazards - from the southern Hayward fault, the San Andreas fault and other nearby faults - leave the need to build reinforced homes and the need to be prepared just as high as before." Bürgmann and his colleagues at UC Berkeley, the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., and UC Davis report their findings in the Aug. 18 issue of Science magazine.

The Hayward fault, considered one of the most dangerous faults in California, stretches more than 95 kilometers (60 miles) and is a branch of the more famous San Andreas fault that extends much of the length of California. Last year a statewide team of seismologists estimated a 32 percent chance of a major quake originating somewhere on the Hayward fault in the next 30 years. A major quake is one of magnitude 6.7 or greater.

The segment of the Hayward fault from San Pablo Bay south to the border between Berkeley and Oakland is referred to as the northern Hayward fault. Until recently, it also was ranked high in terms of the chance of a major quake. The latest assessment, issued by the U.S. Geological Survey Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities last October, lowered this risk, in part based on preliminary findings supplied by Bürgmann's team.

"We know the Hayward fault creeps at about 5 millimeters (.2 inches) per year at the surface, but we don't know how deep this creep goes," Bürgmann said. "We decided to use all the data that exists to try to say how deep the creep goes, and whether the fault is locked at depth."

The techniques Bürgmann used to study activity along the fault have just recently become available. Only within the past few years has interferometric synthetic aperture radar from satellites been used to measure ground motion along faults. Detailed mathematical analysis can determine the surface displacement that has occurred between successive orbits of the satellite, even when the orbits are years apart. With data taken in 1992 and 1997 by a pair of European satellites, ERS-1 and ERS- 2, plus analysis software developed at JPL, Bürgmann was able to determine the surface creep within a few millimeters along the northern Hayward fault. Image available at http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/pictures/haywardfault .

"The global coverage of the European radar satellites allows the same interferometry technique used in this study to be applied to active faults in other parts of the world," said paper co-author Dr. Eric Fielding, a JPL geophysicist. "There are few places in the world that have the detailed ground information that was available for this study, but radar satellites image nearly everywhere. This allows us to study active faults in regions such as Turkey, Iran and Tibet to learn more about how faults behave. Because faults may behave differently at different times, it is important to look at a wide variety of faults to understand all of the possible types of behavior."

To check the interferometer measurements, Bürgmann used regional GPS stations which supply regional slip rates but are not close enough to the northern Hayward fault to give precise slip rates for that segment.

In addition, seismologists at UC Berkeley and LBNL have just recently discovered that repeating microquakes - quakes too small to be felt but indicative of small patches of the fault suddenly slipping deep underground - can reveal the amount of movement below the surface. This technique was calibrated at a study site on the San Andreas fault by Dr. Robert Nadeau, Berkeley Seismological Laboratory, and Dr. Thomas McEvilly, UC Berkeley.

"They found that some of these microquakes were occurring at exactly the same spot, and that the microquake clusters could be used to infer how fast the fault is creeping near these stuck fault patches deep underground," Bürgmann said. "We found clusters of repeating microquakes as deep as 6 miles under Berkeley, which is evidence of structural creep far below the surface."

Putting all this information together, he estimated that the northern Hayward fault slips underground at a rate of about 5 to 7 millimeters (.2 to .3 inches) per year, essentially the same rate as at the surface. The similar rates indicate that the fault is slipping freely without locking, he said. Over long periods, and counting earthquake slippage, the entire Hayward fault moves on average about 10 millimeters (.4 inches) per year. The northern segment moves less because it is pinned by the southern segment, which is locked. In fact, though the entire fault moves at about 10 millimeters (.4 inches) per year, surface creep along the southern segment is only 5 millimeters (.2 inches) per year, which means strain builds up that can only be released in an earthquake.

Co-authors of the paper with Burgmann, Nadeau, McEvilly and Fielding are graduate student David Schmidt, M. D'Alessio and Mark Murray, all of the Berkeley Seismological Laboratory, and D. Manaker of UC Davis.

TERRADAILY.COM
 AFP Image, Copyright 2000 The Tectonics Of Life
 by Bruce Moomaw
 Cameron Park - May 2, 2000 - The only reason that Earth's volcanoes do keep releasing CO2 steadily is that the planet's crustal tectonics (sometimes called "continental drift") is slowly but continually dragging the accumulated carbonate rocks back down into Earth's molten interior, where they are broken down and re-release the CO2 they have stored.

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